Calcium chloride is a chemical substance composed of chlorine and calcium elements, with a chemical formula of CaCl2, and is slightly bitter. It is a typical ionic halide, white, hard pieces or particles at room temperature. Its common applications include brine for refrigeration equipment, road melters, and desiccants.
Industrial applications
1. Used as a multi-purpose desiccant, such as for the drying of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide, and other gases. Used as a dehydrating agent in the production of alcohols, esters, ethers, and acrylic resins. Calcium chloride aqueous solution is an important refrigerant for refrigerators and ice-making. It can accelerate the hardening of concrete and increase the cold resistance of building mortar. It is an excellent building antifreeze. It is used as an antifogging agent and road dust collecting agent in ports, and a fabric fireproofing agent. Used as a protective agent and refining agent for aluminum-magnesium metallurgy. It is a precipitating agent for the production of lake pigments. Used for deinking of waste paper processing. It is the raw material for the production of calcium salts.
2. Chelating agent; curing agent; calcium enhancer; refrigerant for freezing; desiccant; anticaking agent; antimicrobial agent; pickling agent; tissue improver.
3. Used as a desiccant, road dust collector, anti-fog agent, fabric fire retardant, food preservative, and for the manufacture of calcium salt.
4. Used as lubricating oil additive.
5. Used as an analytical reagent.
6. It is mainly used to treat tetany, urticaria, exudative edema, intestinal and ureteral colic, and magnesium poisoning caused by decreased blood calcium.
7. It is used as a calcium fortifier, curing agent, chelating agent, and desiccant in the food industry.
8. It can increase the permeability of bacterial cell walls.
medical use
Indications:
1. This product can be used for intestinal colic, etc.
2. It can be used for itchy skin diseases.
3. It is used to rescue magnesium salt poisoning.
4. Calcium supplementation for vitamin D deficiency rickets, rickets, pregnant women and lactating women.
5. Treatment of calcium deficiency, acute hypocalcemia, tetany caused by alkalosis and hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, etc.;
6. Allergic diseases;
7. Rescue in case of magnesium poisoning;
8. Rescue of fluorosis;
9. Applied during cardiac resuscitation, such as the rescue of abnormal heart function caused by hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, or calcium channel block.
10. Calcium chloride solution can induce actin monomer to polymerize, and the critical concentration of actin monomer to start to polymerize has an inverse function relationship with the concentration of calcium chloride solution. The specific mechanism of the induced polymerization of actin is related to the binding of calcium ions and multiple specific parts of the protein
Dosage usage:
Dilute 10-20mL of 5% calcium chloride solution with 25% glucose solution and inject slowly intravenously.
Precautions:
1. During intravenous injection, there may be a feeling of fever throughout the body. Injection should be slow (no more than 2mL per minute), because calcium salt excites the heart, too fast injection will cause a sudden increase in blood calcium concentration, causing arrhythmia and even cardiac arrest.
2. Do not use this product during the application of cardiac glycosides or within 7 days after stopping the drug.
3. It is strongly irritating, and the 5% solution cannot be directly injected intravenously. It should be diluted with an equal amount of glucose solution before injection. It is also not suitable for skin injection or intramuscular injection.
4. The injection should not leak out of blood vessels, otherwise it will cause severe pain and tissue necrosis. If there is leakage outside the blood vessel, 5% procaine solution should be used for partial closure immediately.
5. Dosage for children: The therapeutic dose is 25mg/kg (6.8mg calcium) when the calcium is low, and the intravenous infusion is slow.
Specifications: Injection: 0.3g (10mL), 0.5g (10mL), 0.6g (20mL), 1g (20mL) each [19]
Pediatric Medication:
Under normal circumstances, this product is not used in children.
Adverse reactions:
Intravenous injection may cause fever throughout the body, and too fast intravenous injection may cause nausea, vomiting, arrhythmia or even cardiac arrest. In the early stage of hypercalcemia, it can be manifested as constipation, lethargy, persistent headache, loss of appetite, metallic taste in the mouth, abnormal dry mouth, etc. In the late stage, it can be manifested as mental confusion, high blood pressure, eyes and skin are sensitive to light, and nausea.
In the research of biology and medicine, calcium chloride is widely used in the preparation of the buffer required for biomedical experiments, such as adding CaCl2 to the preparation of isolated eggs when studying a new type of activator for the potassium ion channel complex. ND96 stock solution of mother cells; brain slice preparation experiments using CaCl2 when studying the function of guanylyl cyclase C on midbrain dopamine neurons; when studying the fluororibose switch in bacteria and archaea for protection against fluoride toxicity Carry out tandem labeling experiments with 1mmol/L concentration of CaCl2, etc.
In the process of introducing the target gene into the recipient cell, calcium chloride can be used to increase the permeability of the recipient cell membrane, making it easier to introduce the plasmid. This method was developed by Stanford University geneticist Stanley Norman Cohen. Discovered in 1972 while studying Escherichia coli.
Intravenous 10% calcium chloride solution can be used to treat hypocalcemia, and calcium chloride can also be used to treat magnesium toxicity. Injection of calcium chloride solution was found to counter cardiotoxicity as measured by electrocardiography. In the case of high serum potassium concentration caused by hyperkalemia, calcium chloride can protect the myocardium and prevent arrhythmia. Calcium chloride is commonly stocked in U.S. hospital emergency rooms as a quick treatment for calcium channel blocker poisoning (which can be triggered as a side effect of taking the drug diltiazem to prevent heart disease) and for poisoning caused by hydrofluoric acid. Poisoning, but has no effective detoxification effect on poisoning caused by black widow spider bites. Calcium chloride sodium bromide injection is approved by the State Food and Drug Administration in China as a water and electrolyte regulator.
desiccant
Granular anhydrous calcium chloride is often used as a desiccant to fill the drying pipe, and macroalgae (or seaweed ash) dried with calcium chloride can be used for the production of soda ash. Some home dehumidifiers use calcium chloride to absorb moisture from the air. Calcium chloride can also be used as a drying agent or dehydrating agent for gases and organic liquids. Since calcium chloride is neutral, it can dry acidic or alkaline gases and organic liquids, and it can also be used in laboratories to prepare small amounts of gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, etc. The gases produced are dried. But it cannot be used to dry ethanol and ammonia, because ethanol and ammonia will react with calcium chloride to form alcoholate CaCl2 4C2H5OH and ammonia compound CaCl2 8NH3 respectively. Anhydrous calcium chloride can also be made into household products and used as an air hygroscopic agent. As a water absorbent, anhydrous calcium chloride has been approved by the FDA for bandaging first aid. Its function is to ensure the dryness of the wound.
Sprinkle anhydrous calcium chloride on the gravel road surface, use the hygroscopicity of anhydrous calcium chloride to condense the moisture in the air when the air humidity is lower than the dew point to keep the road surface moist, thereby controlling the dust on the road raised.
Deicers and Cooling Baths
Calcium chloride can lower the freezing point of water, and spreading calcium chloride hydrate on roads can prevent freezing and deicing and melting snow, but the salt water after melting ice and snow will damage the soil and vegetation along the road and deteriorate the road concrete.
Calcium chloride solution can also be mixed with dry ice to prepare a cryogenic cooling bath. Add sticks of dry ice to the saline solution in portions until ice cubes appear in the system. The stable temperature of the cooling bath that can be maintained by different types and concentrations of salt solutions will vary. Calcium chloride is commonly used as salt raw material, and the required stable temperature can be obtained by adjusting the concentration, not only because calcium chloride is cheap and easy to obtain, but also because of the eutectic temperature of calcium chloride solution (that is, the solution condenses to form granular ice The temperature when salt particles) is quite low and can reach -51.0°C, which makes the adjustable temperature range from 0°C to -51°C. This method can be realized in a Dewar bottle that can keep warm, or a general plastic container can be used to hold a cooling bath when the volume of the Dewar bottle is limited and a large amount of salt solution needs to be prepared. The maintenance is also relatively stable.
source of calcium ions
Adding calcium chloride to swimming pool water can make the pool water a pH buffer solution and increase the hardness of the pool water, which can reduce the erosion of the pool wall concrete. According to Le Chatelier's principle and the common ion effect, increasing the concentration of calcium ions in the pool water will slow down the dissolution of calcium compounds essential to the concrete structure.
Adding calcium chloride to marine aquarium water increases the amount of bioavailable calcium in the water, which is used by molluscs and coelenterates raised in the aquarium to form calcium carbonate shells. While the same can be achieved with calcium hydroxide or a calcium reactor, adding calcium chloride is the fastest method and has the least impact on the pH of the water.
food
As a food ingredient, calcium chloride can act as a sequestering agent and a curing agent. It has been approved by the European Union as a food additive, and its E code is E509. It is considered as "generally recognized as safe" (Generally recognized as safe, abbreviated as GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration. It is estimated that the daily intake of calcium chloride food additives per person is 160 to 345 mg.
Calcium chloride is used as a curing agent and can be used in canned vegetables. It can also solidify soybean curds to form tofu, and can also be used as a raw material for cooking molecular gastronomy to gel the surface of vegetable and fruit juices to form caviar-like balls by reacting with sodium alginate. Added as an electrolyte to sports drinks or some soft drinks including bottled water. Since calcium chloride itself has a very strong salty taste, it can be used in the production of pickled cucumbers instead of table salt without increasing the sodium content of food. The freezing-point-depressing properties of calcium chloride are used in caramel-filled chocolate bars to delay the freezing of caramel.
Calcium chloride is added to mineral-deficient beer brews, because calcium ions are one of the most influential minerals in the beer brewing process, affecting the acidity of the wort and affecting the action of the yeast. And calcium chloride can bring sweetness to the brewed beer.
other aspects
The calcium chloride hydrate solid can be used as a phase change energy storage material. For example, calcium chloride hexahydrate has a melting point of 30°C and a heat of fusion (that is, the heat absorbed by a substance when it changes from a solid phase to a liquid phase at the same temperature) reaches 190 kJ/mol, so it can be used as a medium and low temperature for industrial waste heat recovery. 1. The absorption and utilization of solar radiation heat, but it is similar to all inorganic hydrated salt phase change materials, and there is a serious problem of supercooling (its supercooling degree reaches 20°C), which needs to be overcome by adding a nucleating agent.
Calcium chloride works in concrete to help speed up the initial setting, but chloride ions can cause steel corrosion, so calcium chloride should not be used in reinforced concrete. Anhydrous calcium chloride can provide a certain degree of moisture to concrete due to its hygroscopicity.
Calcium chloride is also an additive in plastics and fire extinguishers. It is used as a filter aid in wastewater treatment, as an additive in blast furnaces to control the aggregation and adhesion of raw materials to avoid furnace charge settlement, and as a diluent in fabric softeners.
The exothermic nature of calcium chloride dissolution has led to its use in self-heating cans and heating pads.
In the petroleum industry, calcium chloride is used to increase the density of solid-free brine, and it can also be added to the water phase of emulsified drilling fluid to inhibit the expansion of clay. As a flux, it is used as a flux to lower the melting point in the process of producing metal sodium by electrolysis of molten sodium chloride by Davy's method. Calcium chloride is used as one of the ingredients in ceramics, which suspends the clay particles in the solution so that the clay particles are easier to use when grouting
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Calcium chloride is a chemical substance composed of chlorine and calcium elements, with a chemical formula of CaCl2, and is slightly bitter. It is a typical ionic halide, white, hard pieces or particles at room temperature. Its common applications include brine for refrigeration equipment, road melters, and desiccants.
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